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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morskoj gidrofizičeskij žurnal</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Physical Oceanography</journal-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Морской гидрофизический журнал</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="print">0233-7584</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">20230105</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29039/0233-7584-2023-1-67-83</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="edn">IHBIOE</article-id>
      
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
          <subject>Experimental and field research</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
          <subject>Экспериментальные и экспедиционные исследования</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="article-type">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>

      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Investigation of Frontal Zones in the Norwegian Sea</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Исследование фронтальных зон Норвежского моря</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>

      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Akhtyamova</surname>
              <given-names>A. F.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Ахтямова</surname>
              <given-names>А. Ф.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <address>
            <country country="RU">Russian Federation</country>
          </address>
          <bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Санкт-Петербург, Россия</p></bio>
          <email>avellinnaa@gmail.com</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Travkin</surname>
              <given-names>V. S.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Травкин</surname>
              <given-names>В. С.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <address>
            <country country="RU">Russian Federation</country>
          </address>
          <bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Санкт-Петербург, Россия</p></bio>
          <email/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>

      <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
        <aff xml:lang="en">
          <institution>St Petersburg University</institution>
          <addr-line>Saint Petersburg</addr-line>
          <country>Russia</country>
        </aff>
        <aff xml:lang="ru">
          <institution>Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution>
          <addr-line>Санкт-Петербург</addr-line>
          <country>Россия</country>
        </aff>
      </aff-alternatives>

      <pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-02-28" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>39</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>67</fpage>
      <lpage>83</lpage>

      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-08-19">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2022-10-05">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-11-08">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>

      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Akhtyamova A.F., Travkin V.S.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Ахтямова А.Ф., Травкин В.С.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Akhtyamova A.F., Travkin V.S.</copyright-holder>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ахтямова А.Ф., Травкин В.С.</copyright-holder>
        <ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/>
        <license>
          <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://xn--c1agq7a.xn--p1ai/repository/issues/2023/01/05/" xlink:title="Страница статьи">https://xn--c1agq7a.xn--p1ai/repository/issues/2023/01/05/</self-uri>

      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p><bold>Purpose.</bold> Frontal zones are the areas of strong horizontal gradients of physical, chemical and biological parameters that have a significant impact on the dynamics of the Global Ocean. The aim of the paper is to study the spatial and vertical distribution (including seasonal and interannual variability) of frontal zones in the Norwegian Sea.</p>
        <p><bold>Methods and Results.</bold> The data on temperature, salinity, sea surface height and velocities from the GLORYS12V1 reanalysis for 1993–2019 available on the CMEMS (Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service) resource, were used. Five mesoscale frontal zones in the area under study were identified, and the average and maximum gradients in the temperature, salinity and sea surface height fields were calculated. The maps of spatial distribution of the thermohaline and dynamic frontal zones, and also of the frequency of frontal zones were constructed. The correlation between the atmospheric indices NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) and AO (Arctic Oscillation), and the temporal and interannual variability of the frontal zone areas was assessed.</p>
        <p><bold>Conclusions.</bold> It is shown that the thermohaline and dynamic gradients observed in winter are on the average higher than those observed in summer. It is found that increase of depth is accompanied by a shift of the frontal zones towards the Lofoten Basin and the Faroe-Iceland threshold. The frontal zones frequency maps demonstrate a high rate (≥ 50 %) of the areas with strong gradients near the Lofoten Vortex, Svalbard, the Mohn Ridge and the Norwegian continental slope. The majority of frontal zones are of well pronounced seasonal and interannual variability. A negative interannual correlation is noted between the frontal zones areas and the NAO and AO indices. It is also shown that seasonal variability is in high positive correlation with NAO.</p>
      </abstract>

      <trans-abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p><bold>Цель.</bold> Фронтальные зоны представляют собой области повышенных горизонтальных градиентов физических, химических и биологических параметров, оказывающие существенное влияние на динамику Мирового океана. Целью данной работы является исследование фронтальных зон в Норвежском море в поле температуры, солености и уровня морской поверхности.</p>
        <p><bold>Методы и результаты.</bold> Используются данные о температуре, солености и уровне морской поверхности реанализа GLORYS12V1 за 1993–2019 гг., доступного на ресурсе CMEMS (Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service). Выделено пять климатических фронтальных зон в исследуемой акватории, рассчитаны средние и максимальные градиенты в поле температуры, солености, уровня морской поверхности. Построены карты пространственного расположения термохалинных и динамических фронтальных зон, карты повторяемости фронтальных зон. Дается оценка взаимосвязи атмосферных индексов NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) и AO (Arctic Oscillation) с временной и межгодовой изменчивостью площадей фронтальных зон. Полученные результаты сравниваются с оценками других авторов.</p>
        <p><bold>Выводы.</bold> Установлено, что в зимний период наблюдаются в среднем более высокие, по сравнению с летним периодом, значения градиентов. Обнаружено, что с увеличением глубины наблюдается смещение фронтальных зон к Лофотенской котловине и к Фарерско-Исландскому порогу. Карты повторяемости фронтальных зон демонстрируют высокие значения (более 50 %) областей с высокими градиентами вблизи Лофотенского вихря, Шпицбергена, хребта Мона и материкового склона Норвегии. Большинство фронтальных зон имеют ярко выраженную сезонную и межгодовую изменчивость. Отмечена отрицательная межгодовая корреляция площадей фронтальных зон с NAO и AO. Замечено, что сезонная изменчивость имеет высокую положительную корреляцию с NAO.</p>
      </trans-abstract>

      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Norwegian Sea</kwd>
        <kwd>frontal zones</kwd>
        <kwd>seasonal variability</kwd>
        <kwd>interannual variability</kwd>
        <kwd>NAO index</kwd>
        <kwd>AO index</kwd>
        <kwd>arctic oscillation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>

      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <kwd>Норвежское море</kwd>
        <kwd>фронтальные зоны</kwd>
        <kwd>сезонная изменчивость</kwd>
        <kwd>межгодовая изменчивость</kwd>
        <kwd>NAO</kwd>
        <kwd>индекс AO</kwd>
        <kwd>арктическая осцилляция</kwd>
      </kwd-group>

      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported financially by the Russian Science Foundation, project No. 22-27-00004.</funding-statement>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке РНФ, проект № 22-27-00004.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>

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