<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morskoj gidrofizičeskij žurnal</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Physical Oceanography</journal-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Морской гидрофизический журнал</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="print">0233-7584</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">20230403</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="edn">SLYDJV</article-id>
      
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
          <subject>Analysis of observations and methods of calculating Hydrophysical fields in the ocean</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
          <subject>Анализ результатов наблюдений и методы расчета гидрофизических полей океана</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="article-type">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>

      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Trends and Regional Features of Variability of the Northeast Pacific Ocean Thermal Conditions North of 30° N over the Last Four Decades</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Тенденции и региональные особенности изменчивости термических условий северо-восточной части Тихого океана севернее 30° с. ш. в последние четыре десятилетия</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>

      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5081-7279</contrib-id>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Rostov</surname>
              <given-names>I. D.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Ростов</surname>
              <given-names>И. Д.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <address>
            <country country="RU">Russian Federation</country>
          </address>
          <bio xml:lang="ru"><p>заведующий лабораторией информатики и мониторинга океана, ФГБУН ТОИ им. В. И. Ильичева ДВО РАН, кандидат географических наук</p></bio>
          <email>rostov@poi.dvo.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0094-5296</contrib-id>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Dmitrieva</surname>
              <given-names>E. V.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Дмитриева</surname>
              <given-names>Е. В.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <address>
            <country country="RU">Russian Federation</country>
          </address>
          <bio xml:lang="ru"><p>старший научный сотрудник, лаборатория информатики и мониторинга океана, ФГБУН ТОИ им. В. И. Ильичева ДВО РАН, кандидат технических наук</p></bio>
          <email>e_dmitrieva@poi.dvo.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">N-5821-2018</contrib-id>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Rudykh</surname>
              <given-names>N. I.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Рудых</surname>
              <given-names>Н. И.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <address>
            <country country="RU">Russian Federation</country>
          </address>
          <bio xml:lang="ru"><p>старший научный сотрудник, лаборатория информатики и мониторинга океана, ФГБУН ТОИ им. В. И. Ильичева ДВО РАН, кандидат географических наук</p></bio>
          <email>rudykh@poi.dvo.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>

      <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
        <aff xml:lang="en">
          <institution>V. I. Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences</institution>
          <addr-line>Vladivostok</addr-line>
          <country>Russia</country>
        </aff>
        <aff xml:lang="ru">
          <institution>Тихоокеанский океанологический институт им. В. И. Ильичева Дальневосточного отделения Российской академии наук</institution>
          <addr-line>Владивосток</addr-line>
          <country>Россия</country>
        </aff>
      </aff-alternatives>

      <pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-08-31" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>31</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>39</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>448</fpage>
      <lpage>466</lpage>

      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-11-10">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2022-12-08">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-04-26">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>

      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Rostov I.D., Dmitrieva E.V., Rudykh N.I.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Ростов И.Д., Дмитриева Е.В., Рудых Н.И.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Rostov I.D., Dmitrieva E.V., Rudykh N.I.</copyright-holder>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ростов И.Д., Дмитриева Е.В., Рудых Н.И.</copyright-holder>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://xn--c1agq7a.xn--p1ai/repository/issues/2023/04/03/" xlink:title="Страница статьи">https://xn--c1agq7a.xn--p1ai/repository/issues/2023/04/03/</self-uri>

      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p><bold>Purpose.</bold> The study is purposed at revealing the regional features of modern climatic changes in water temperature in the northeastern extratropical zone of the Pacific Ocean, at assessing the characteristics of temperature trends on the ocean surface and in its upper layer and their relationship with the large-scale processes in the ocean and atmosphere.</p>
        <p><bold>Methods and Results.</bold> Based on the NOAA climatic data sets, and using the statistical methods of analysis and the apparatus of empirical orthogonal functions, the characteristics of the interannual variability of water temperature on the surface and in the upper 1000-meter layer were determined in different regions of the area under study. Temperature trends, correlations with the influencing factors and their statistical significance for some 20-year periods of previous 40 years were quantitatively assessed.</p>
        <p><bold>Conclusions.</bold> In the first decades of the 21st century, the warming trends are explicit on the surface and in the upper 200-meter layer of the northeastern and central regions of the area. As compared to the previous 20-year period, the magnitude of positive SST trends increased, on average, by about 4 times over the entire water area. In course of the past two decades, the heat content of the upper 200-meter layer increased by 5% and that of the whole 1000-meter layer – by 2%, which is 1.5 times less than in the northwestern sector of the Pacific extratropical zone where, unlike the surface, the rate of water column warming was higher. As for the area under study, on the whole, the correlations between the heat content fluctuations in the upper 200-meter ocean layer and the changes in influencing factors are manifested through the climatic indices NPGO, PDO, NP, PNA, SOI, AD and the atmospheric pressure gradients between the leading centers of the atmosphere action.</p>
      </abstract>
      
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p><bold>Цель.</bold> Выявить региональные особенности современных климатических изменений температуры воды в северо-восточной части внетропической зоны Тихого океана, оценить характеристики температурных трендов на поверхности и в верхнем слое океана и их связи с крупномасштабными процессами в океане и атмосфере – цель настоящей работы.</p>
        <p><bold>Методы и результаты.</bold> На основе климатических массивов NOAA с использованием статистических методов анализа и аппарата эмпирических ортогональных функций определены характеристики межгодовой изменчивости температуры воды на поверхности и в верхнем 1000-метровом слое различных районов исследуемой акватории. Дана количественная оценка температурных трендов, корреляционных связей с влияющими факторами и их статистической значимости для отдельных 20-летних периодов последних 40 лет.</p>
        <p><bold>Выводы.</bold> В первые десятилетия XXI в. тренды потепления явно выражены на поверхности и в верхнем 200-метровом слое северо-восточного и центрального районов акватории. По сравнению с предшествующим 20-летним периодом величина положительных трендов ТПО в среднем по всей акватории увеличилась примерно в 4 раза. За последние два десятилетия теплосодержание верхнего 200-метрового слоя увеличилось на 5%, а всего 1000-метрового – на 2%, что в 1,5 раза меньше, чем в северо-западном секторе внетропической зоны Тихого океана, где в отличие от поверхности потепление толщи вод проходило более высокими темпами. В целом по исследуемому району корреляционные связи колебаний теплосодержания верхнего 200-метрового слоя океана с изменениями влияющих факторов проявляются через климатические индексы NPGO, PDO, NP, PNA, SOI, AD и градиенты атмосферного давления между ведущими центрами действия атмосферы.</p>
      </trans-abstract>

      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>northeastern part of the Pacific Ocean</kwd>
        <kwd>extratropical zone</kwd>
        <kwd>modern climate changes</kwd>
        <kwd>regional features</kwd>
        <kwd>water temperature</kwd>
        <kwd>heat content</kwd>
        <kwd>warming trends</kwd>
        <kwd>climate indices</kwd>
        <kwd>correlations</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <kwd>северо-восточная часть Тихого океана</kwd>
        <kwd>внетропическая зона</kwd>
        <kwd>современные климатические изменения</kwd>
        <kwd>региональные особенности</kwd>
        <kwd>температура воды</kwd>
        <kwd>теплосодержание</kwd>
        <kwd>тренды потепления</kwd>
        <kwd>климатические индексы</kwd>
        <kwd>корреляционные связи</kwd>
      </kwd-group>

      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was carried out within the framework of the state assignment of POI FEB RAS on theme 0211-2021-0008. State registration No. 121021700346-7. The authors are thankful to the program developers for the possibility to use the climatic data posted on the NOAA sites. The authors are grateful to the reviewer for constructive comments.</funding-statement>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания ТОИ ДВО РАН по теме 0211-2021-0008, регистрационный № 121021700346-7. Авторы благодарят разработчиков за возможность использовать климатические данные, размещенные на сайтах NOAA. Авторы признательны рецензенту за конструктивные замечания.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>

  <body>
    <p>Текст статьи не включен.</p>
  </body>

  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Список литературы</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Belkin</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Krishfield</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Honjo</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Decadal variability of the North Pacific Polar Front: Subsurface warming versus surface cooling</article-title>
          <source>Geophysical Research Letters</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>65-1</fpage>
          <lpage>65-4</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1029/2001GL013806</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Saito</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Transition Region Mode Water of the North Pacific and Its Rapid Modification</article-title>
          <source>Journal of Physical Oceanography</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1639</fpage>
          <lpage>1658</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1175/2011JPO4346.1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Favorite</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Dodimead</surname><given-names>A. J.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Nasu</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Oceanography of the Subarctic Pacific region, 1960-71</source>
          <publisher-loc>Vancouver, Canada</publisher-loc>
          <year>1976</year>
          <size units="pages">187</size>
          <comment>(International North Pacific Fisheries Commission Bulletin ; No. 33)</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Qiu</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Large-Scale Variability in the Midlatitude Subtropical and Subpolar North Pacific Ocean: Observations and Causes</article-title>
          <source>Journal of Physical Oceanography</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>353</fpage>
          <lpage>375</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032&lt;0353:LSVITM&gt;2.0.CO;2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Kuroda</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Interdecadal variability of the Western Subarctic Gyre in the North Pacific Ocean</article-title>
          <source>Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>169</volume>
          <fpage>103461</fpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.dsr.2020.103461</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Barnett</surname><given-names>T. P.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>On the Nature and Causes of Large-Scale Thermal Variability in the Central North Pacific Ocean</article-title>
          <source>Journal of Physical Oceanography</source>
          <year>1981</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>887</fpage>
          <lpage>904</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1175/1520-0485(1981)011&lt;0887:OTNACO&gt;2.0.CO;2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Kwon</surname><given-names>E. Y.</given-names></name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The North Pacific Oxygen Uptake Rates over the Past Half Century</article-title>
          <source>Journal of Climate</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>61</fpage>
          <lpage>76</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00157.1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Ростов</surname><given-names>И. Д.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Дмитриева</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Рудых</surname><given-names>И. И.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Климатические изменения термических условий в тихоокеанской субарктике в условиях современного глобального потепления</article-title>
          <source>Морской гидрофизический журнал</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>162</fpage>
          <lpage>178</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22449/0233-7584-2021-2-162-178</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Archer</surname><given-names>C. L.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Caldeira</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Historical trends in the jet streams</article-title>
          <source>Geophysical Research Letters</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>L08803</fpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1029/2008GL033614</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Nieves</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Willis</surname><given-names>J. K.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Patzert</surname><given-names>W. C.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recent hiatus caused by decadal shift in Indo-Pacific heating</article-title>
          <source>Science</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>349</volume>
          <issue>6247</issue>
          <fpage>532</fpage>
          <lpage>535</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1126/science.aaa4521</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Trenberth</surname><given-names>K. E.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Fasullo</surname><given-names>J. T.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>An apparent hiatus in global warming?</article-title>
          <source>Earth's Future</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>19</fpage>
          <lpage>32</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/2013EF000165</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Amaya</surname><given-names>D. J.</given-names></name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Physical drivers of the summer 2019 North Pacific marine heatwave</article-title>
          <source>Nature Communications</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1903</fpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41467-020-15820-w</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Bond</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Causes and impacts of the 2014 warm anomaly in the NE Pacific</article-title>
          <source>Geophysical Research Letters</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>3414</fpage>
          <lpage>3420</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/2015GL063306</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Loeb</surname><given-names>N. G.</given-names></name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Changes in Earth's Energy Budget during and after the "Pause" in Global Warming: An Observational Perspective</article-title>
          <source>Climate</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>62</fpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/cli6030062</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Ross</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Jackson</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Hannah</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Northeast Pacific: Update on marine heatwave status and trends</article-title>
          <source>PICES Press</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>46</fpage>
          <lpage>48</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Di Lorenzo</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Mantua</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Multi-year persistence of the 2014/15 North Pacific marine heatwave</article-title>
          <source>Nature Climate Change</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1042</fpage>
          <lpage>1047</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nclimate3082</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Zhao</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Removing the Effects of Tropical Dynamics from North Pacific Climate Variability</article-title>
          <source>Journal of Climate</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <fpage>9249</fpage>
          <lpage>9265</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0344.1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Ростов</surname><given-names>И. Д.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Дмитриева</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Региональные особенности межгодовых изменений температуры воды в субарктической зоне Тихого океана</article-title>
          <source>Метеорология и гидрология</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>67</fpage>
          <lpage>79</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Meehl</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Externally Forced and Internally Generated Decadal Climate Variability Associated with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation</article-title>
          <source>Journal of Climate</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>7298</fpage>
          <lpage>7310</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00548.1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Hartmann</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Wendler</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Significance of the 1976 Pacific Climate Shift in the Climatology of Alaska</article-title>
          <source>Journal of Climate</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>4824</fpage>
          <lpage>4839</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1175/JCLI3532.1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Na</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Interannual to Decadal Variability of the Upper-Ocean Heat Content in the Western North Pacific and Its Relationship to Oceanic and Atmospheric Variability</article-title>
          <source>Journal of Climate</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>5107</fpage>
          <lpage>5125</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0506.1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Penny</surname><given-names>S. G.</given-names></name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Hybrid Global Ocean Data Assimilation System at NCEP</article-title>
          <source>Monthly Weather Review</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>143</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>4660</fpage>
          <lpage>4677</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1175/MWR-D-14-00376.1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Boyer</surname><given-names>T. P.</given-names></name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <source>World Ocean Database 2018</source>
          <publisher-loc>Silver Spring, MD</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>U.S. Department of Commerce</publisher-name>
          <year>2018</year>
          <size units="pages">207</size>
          <comment>(NOAA Atlas NESDIS 87)</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Ростов</surname><given-names>И. Д.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Дмитриева</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Рудых</surname><given-names>И. И.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Межгодовая изменчивость термических характеристик верхнего 1000-метрового слоя внетропической зоны северо-западной части Тихого океана на рубеже XX-XXI веков</article-title>
          <source>Морской гидрофизический журнал</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>157</fpage>
          <lpage>176</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="edn">ALOUMA</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Лучин</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Матвеев</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Межгодовая изменчивость термического состояния холодного подповерхностного слоя Охотского моря</article-title>
          <source>Известия ТИНРО</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>187</volume>
          <fpage>205</fpage>
          <lpage>216</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Gan</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>On the Response of the Aleutian Low to Greenhouse Warming</article-title>
          <source>Journal of Climate</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>3907</fpage>
          <lpage>3925</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0789.1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Xiu</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Future changes in coastal upwelling ecosystems with global warming: The case of the California Current System</article-title>
          <source>Scientific Reports</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <fpage>2866</fpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41598-018-21247-7</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Overland</surname><given-names>J. E.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Adams</surname><given-names>J. M.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Bond</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Decadal Variability of the Aleutian Low and Its Relation to High-Latitude Circulation</article-title>
          <source>Journal of Climate</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1542</fpage>
          <lpage>1548</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012&lt;1542:DVOTAL&gt;2.0.CO;2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Stephens</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>On the Pacific Ocean regime shift</article-title>
          <source>Geophysical Research Letters</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>3721</fpage>
          <lpage>3724</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1029/2000GL012813</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Hu</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Budgets for Decadal Variability in Pacific Ocean Heat Content</article-title>
          <source>Journal of Climate</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>7663</fpage>
          <lpage>7678</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0360.1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Kelly</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Western Boundary Currents and Frontal Air–Sea Interaction: Gulf Stream and Kuroshio Extension</article-title>
          <source>Journal of Climate</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>5644</fpage>
          <lpage>5667</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1175/2010JCLI3346.1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Ceballos</surname><given-names>L. I.</given-names></name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>North Pacific Gyre Oscillation Synchronizes Climate Fluctuations in the Eastern and Western Boundary Systems</article-title>
          <source>Journal of Climate</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>5163</fpage>
          <lpage>5174</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1175/2009JCLI2848.1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Deser</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Phillips</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Hurrell</surname><given-names>J. W.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pacific Interdecadal Climate Variability: Linkages between the Tropics and the North Pacific during Boreal Winter since 1900</article-title>
          <source>Journal of Climate</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>3109</fpage>
          <lpage>3124</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017&lt;3109:PICVLB&gt;2.0.CO;2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
</article>