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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morskoj gidrofizičeskij žurnal</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Physical Oceanography</journal-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Морской гидрофизический журнал</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="print">0233-7584</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">20230605</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="edn">WBNQUS</article-id>
      
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
          <subject>Experimental and field research</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
          <subject>Экспериментальные и экспедиционные исследования</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="article-type">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>

      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Field Investigations of the Geometric Features of Wind Wave Breaking</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Натурные исследования геометрических размеров обрушений гравитационных волн</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>

      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-8703</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7288-8023</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">23492523000</contrib-id>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Korinenko</surname>
              <given-names>A. E.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Кориненко</surname>
              <given-names>А. Е.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <address>
            <country country="RU">Russian Federation</country>
          </address>
          <bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник, отдел дистанционных методов исследований, ФГБУН ФИЦ МГИ (Россия, 299011, г. Севастополь, ул. Капитанская, д. 2), кандидат физико-математических наук</p></bio>
          <email>korinenko.alex@mhi-ras.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5799-454X</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">F-8709-2014</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9206-3020</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">23012976200</contrib-id>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Malinovsky</surname>
              <given-names>V. V.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Малиновский</surname>
              <given-names>В. В.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <address>
            <country country="RU">Russian Federation</country>
          </address>
          <bio xml:lang="ru"><p>старший научный сотрудник, отдел дистанционных методов исследований, лаборатория прикладной физики моря, ФГБУН ФИЦ МГИ (Россия, 299011, г. Севастополь, ул. Капитанская, д. 2), кандидат физико-математических наук</p></bio>
          <email>vladimir.malinovsky@mhi-ras.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>

      <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
        <aff xml:lang="en">
          <institution>Marine Hydrophysical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution>
          <addr-line>Sevastopol</addr-line>
          <country>Russia</country>
        </aff>
        <aff xml:lang="ru">
          <institution>Морской гидрофизический институт РАН</institution>
          <addr-line>Севастополь</addr-line>
          <country>Россия</country>
        </aff>
      </aff-alternatives>

      <pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-12-31" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>31</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>39</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>814</fpage>
      <lpage>830</lpage>

      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-04-26">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2023-08-28">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-09-06">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>

      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Korinenko A.E., Malinovsky V.V.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Кориненко А.Е., Малиновский В.В.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Korinenko A.E., Malinovsky V.V.</copyright-holder>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кориненко А.Е., Малиновский В.В.</copyright-holder>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://xn--c1agq7a.xn--p1ai/repository/issues/2023/06/05/" xlink:title="Страница статьи">https://xn--c1agq7a.xn--p1ai/repository/issues/2023/06/05/</self-uri>

      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p><bold>Purpose.</bold> The paper is purposed at studying temporal variability of the geometric dimensions of wind wave breaking under natural conditions, and at assessing the fraction of the sea surface covered with foam using the distribution of the breaking wave crest lengths.</p>
        <p><bold>Methods and Results.</bold> Field studies of the wave breaking characteristics were carried out from the stationary oceanographic platform located at 500 m off the Katsiveli coast (Black Sea hydrophysical sub‑satellite polygon). The geometric dimensions of wave breaking in the active phase and the velocity of wave movement were determined using the video records of sea surface. Processing of video frame sequences has resulted in formation of the array of crest lengths, and the array of widths and areas of the varying in time foam structures. Meteorological information was obtained simultaneously with video records.</p>
        <p><bold>Conclusions.</bold> The connection independent of wind and wave conditions was established experimentally between the wave breaking geometric dimensions and the breaking wave length: the average width of breaking is proportional to the length of a breaking wave, the average area – to the squared length of a carrier wave. The values of these ratios are 0.03 and 0.002, respectively, that confirms the geometric similarity of wave breaking. It is shown that the length and width of an individual wave breaking increase at a constant rate, the value of which is conditioned by the scale of a breaking wave. The geometric characteristics of wave breaking normalized to the length of a breaking wave are linearly dependent on dimensionless time and independent of the scales and velocities of breaking waves. To calculate the fraction of sea surface covered with foam, the distributions of the wave breaking lengths were used. The field data values are shown to be adequately corresponding to the calculations by the model proposed by O. M. Phillips.</p>
      </abstract>
      
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p><bold>Цель.</bold> Цель работы – исследовать временную изменчивость геометрических размеров обрушений ветровых волн в натурных условиях и оценить долю морской поверхности, покрытой пеной, используя распределение длин гребней обрушивающихся волн.</p>
        <p><bold>Методы и результаты.</bold> Натурные исследования характеристик обрушений проводились со стационарной океанографической платформы, расположенной в 500 м от берега в районе пгт Кацивели (Черноморский гидрофизический подспутниковый полигон). Определение геометрических размеров обрушений в активной фазе и скоростей их движения осуществлялось по видеозаписям морской поверхности. В результате обработки последовательностей видеокадров сформированы массивы длин гребней, ширины и площадей пенных структур, изменяющихся во времени. Одновременно с видеозаписями регистрировалась метеорологическая информация.</p>
        <p><bold>Выводы.</bold> Экспериментально установлена не зависящая от ветровых и волновых условий связь геометрических размеров барашка с длиной обрушивающейся волны: средняя ширина обрушения пропорциональна длине обрушивающейся волны, средняя площадь – квадрату длины несущей волны. Значения этих отношений равны 0,03 и 0,002 соответственно, что подтверждает геометрическое подобие обрушений. Показано, что длина и ширина индивидуального барашка увеличиваются с постоянной скоростью, значение которой определяется масштабом обрушивающейся волны. Геометрические характеристики обрушений, нормированные на длину обрушивающейся волны, линейно зависят от безразмерного времени и не зависят от масштабов и скоростей обрушивающихся волн. Для расчета доли морской поверхности, покрытой пеной, использовалось распределение длин обрушений. Показано, что значения натурных данных удовлетворительно согласуются с расчетами по модели, предложенной О. М. Филлипсом.</p>
      </trans-abstract>

      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>wind wave breaking</kwd>
        <kwd>field studies</kwd>
        <kwd>distribution of breaking lengths</kwd>
        <kwd>breaking similarity</kwd>
        <kwd>fraction of the sea surface covered with wave breaking foam</kwd>
        <kwd>growth rate of linear dimensions of breaking</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <kwd>обрушения ветровых волн</kwd>
        <kwd>натурные исследования</kwd>
        <kwd>распределение длин обрушений</kwd>
        <kwd>подобие обрушений</kwd>
        <kwd>доля морской поверхности, покрытая барашковой пеной</kwd>
        <kwd>скорость роста линейных размеров обрушения</kwd>
      </kwd-group>

      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 21-17-00236, https://rscf.ru/project/21-17-00236/. The study involved the archival data obtained within the framework of the theme of state assignment FNNN-2021-0004 “Fundamental research of oceanological processes that determine state and evolution of the marine environment under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors, based on observation and modeling methods”.</funding-statement>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 21-17-00236, https://rscf.ru/project/21-17-00236/. В работе использованы архивные данные, полученные в рамках темы госзадания FNNN-2021-0004 «Фундаментальные исследования океанологических процессов, определяющих состояние и эволюцию морской среды под влиянием естественных и антропогенных факторов, на основе методов наблюдения и моделирования».</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>

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