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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morskoj gidrofizičeskij žurnal</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Morskoj gidrofizičeskij žurnal</journal-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Морской гидрофизический журнал</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="print">0233-7584</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">20240106</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="edn">ZNPAZD</article-id>
      
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
          <subject>Experimental and field research</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
          <subject>Экспериментальные и экспедиционные исследования</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="article-type">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>

      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Ratio between Trough and Crest of Surface Waves in the Coastal Zone of the Black Sea</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Соотношение глубины впадины и высоты гребня поверхностных волн в прибрежной зоне Черного моря</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>

      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9942-2796</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">V-7880-2017</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6784-7782</contrib-id>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Zapevalov</surname>
              <given-names>A. S.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Запевалов</surname>
              <given-names>А. С.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <address>
            <country country="RU">Russian Federation</country>
          </address>
          <bio xml:lang="ru"><p>главный научный сотрудник, отдел дистанционных методов исследований, ФГБУН ФИЦ МГИ (Россия, 299011, г. Севастополь, ул. Капитанская, д. 2), доктор физико-математических наук</p></bio>
          <email>sevzepter@mail.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">P-4155-2017</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8941-9305</contrib-id>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Garmashov</surname>
              <given-names>A. V.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Гармашов</surname>
              <given-names>А. В.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <address>
            <country country="RU">Russian Federation</country>
          </address>
          <bio xml:lang="ru"><p>старший научный сотрудник, отдел океанографии, ФГБУН ФИЦ МГИ (Россия, 299011, г. Севастополь, ул. Капитанская, д. 2), кандидат географических наук</p></bio>
          <email>ant.gar@mail.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>

      <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
        <aff xml:lang="en">
          <institution>Marine Hydrophysical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution>
          <addr-line>Sevastopol</addr-line>
          <country>Russia</country>
        </aff>
        <aff xml:lang="ru">
          <institution>Морской гидрофизический институт РАН</institution>
          <addr-line>Севастополь</addr-line>
          <country>Россия</country>
        </aff>
      </aff-alternatives>

      <pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-02-29" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>40</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>78</fpage>
      <lpage>86</lpage>

      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-01-10">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2023-07-02">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-11-15">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>

      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Zapevalov A.S., Garmashov A.V.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Запевалов А.С., Гармашов А.В.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zapevalov A.S., Garmashov A.V.</copyright-holder>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Запевалов А.С., Гармашов А.В.</copyright-holder>
        <ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/>
        <license>
          <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://xn--c1agq7a.xn--p1ai/repository/issues/2024/01/06/" xlink:title="Страница статьи">https://xn--c1agq7a.xn--p1ai/repository/issues/2024/01/06/</self-uri>
      
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p><bold>Purpose.</bold> The work is purposed at analyzing variability of the ratio between trough and crest of the sea surface waves, as well as the relationship of this ratio with the skewness of surface elevations.</p>
        <p><bold>Methods and Results.</bold> The analysis is based on the wave measurements performed from the stationary oceanographic platform located near the Southern coast of Crimea in the Black Sea. The depth at the place where the platform was installed is about 30 m. The analyzed data array totals 17083 twenty-minute measurement sessions. The freak waves were identified by the abnormality index AI equal to the ratio between the maximum wave height per session and the significant wave height. The freak waves with index AI &gt; 2 were observed in 562 measurement sessions that corresponds to a probability of their occurrence equal to 3.3%. The AI values range from 1.16 to 2.79. The ratio between the trough depth Th of the highest wave and its crest height Cr is in the range 0.37 &lt; Th/Cr &lt; 1.47, at that the average value is 0.79.</p>
        <p><bold>Conclusions.</bold> Statistical characteristics of the waves revealed in the presence of freak waves differ noticeably from those obtained at AI &lt; 2. In the situations when AI &lt; 2, the probability of an event when the trough depth Th of the highest wave exceeds its crest height Cr is 10.9%. The event with Th/Cr &gt; 1, does not occur if AI &lt; 1.4. When there are the waves satisfying condition AI &gt; 2, the probability of an event with Th/Cr &gt; 1 is 19.4%. It is shown that condition Th/Cr &gt; 1 is not necessary for arising of a negative skewness in the distribution of sea surface elevations. The probability of large asymmetry deviations from a zero value both towards the positive values and towards the negative ones, is higher at AI &gt; 2 than at AI &lt; 2. The statistical relationship between the skewness and the Th/Cr ratio is observed only for freak waves.</p>
      </abstract>
      
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p><bold>Цель.</bold> Целью настоящей работы является анализ изменчивости отношения глубины впадины и высоты гребня поверхностных волн, а также связи этого отношения с асимметрией распределения возвышений морской поверхности.</p>
        <p><bold>Методы и результаты.</bold> Анализ проводится на основе данных волновых измерений со стационарной океанографической платформы, расположенной на Черном море в районе Южного берега Крыма. Глубина в том месте, где установлена платформа, составляет ~ 30 м. Анализируемый массив данных насчитывает 17083 20-минутных сеансов измерений. Аномальные волны выделялись по индексу аномальности AI, равному отношению максимальной за сеанс высоты волны и значительной высоты волн. Аномальные волны, у которых AI &gt; 2, наблюдались в 562 сеансах измерений, что соответствует вероятности их появления, равной 3,3%. Значения AI лежат в пределах 1,16–2,79. Отношение глубины впадины Th наиболее высокой волны и высоты ее гребня Cr находится в диапазоне 0,37 &lt; Th/Cr &lt; 1,47 при среднем значении 0,79.</p>
        <p><bold>Выводы.</bold> Статистические характеристики волн, определенные в присутствии аномальных волн, заметно отличаются от характеристик, полученных при AI &lt; 2. В ситуациях, когда AI &lt; 2, вероятность события, при котором глубина впадины Th наиболее высокой волны больше высоты ее гребня Cr, составляет 10,9%. Событие Th/Cr &gt; 1 не наступает, если AI &lt; 1,4. Когда присутствуют волны, удовлетворяющие условию AI &gt; 2, вероятность события Th/Cr &gt; 1 составила 19,4%. Показано, что условие Th/Cr &gt; 1 не является необходимым для появления отрицательной асимметрии распределения возвышений морской поверхности. Вероятность больших отклонений асимметрии от нулевого значения как в сторону положительных, так и в сторону отрицательных значений при AI &gt; 2 выше, чем при AI &lt; 2. Статистическая связь между асимметрией и отношением Th/Cr наблюдается только у аномальных волн.</p>
      </trans-abstract>

      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>sea surface</kwd>
        <kwd>freak wave</kwd>
        <kwd>abnormality index</kwd>
        <kwd>skewness</kwd>
        <kwd>Black Sea</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <kwd>морская поверхность</kwd>
        <kwd>аномально высокие волны</kwd>
        <kwd>индекс аномальности</kwd>
        <kwd>асимметрия распределения возвышений</kwd>
        <kwd>Черное море</kwd>
      </kwd-group>

      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was carried out within the framework of state assignment on theme FNNN-2021-0004 “Fundamental studies of oceanological processes which determine state and evolution of marine environment influenced by natural and anthropogenic factors, based on observation and modeling methods”.</funding-statement>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках темы государственного задания FNNN-2021-0004 «Фундаментальные исследования океанологических процессов, определяющих состояние и эволюцию морской среды под влиянием естественных и антропогенных факторов, на основе методов наблюдения и моделирования».</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>

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