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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morskoj gidrofizičeskij žurnal</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Morskoj gidrofizičeskij žurnal</journal-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Морской гидрофизический журнал</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="print">0233-7584</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">20240205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="edn">QAOJOJ</article-id>
      
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
          <subject>Analysis of observations and methods of calculating Hydrophysical fields in the ocean</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
          <subject>Анализ результатов наблюдений и методы расчета гидрофизических полей океана</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="article-type">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>

      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Wave Nature and Modulation of Annual Fluctuations in the Level of the Baltic Sea</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Волновая природа и модуляция годовых колебаний уровня Балтийского моря</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>

      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6079-5739</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">N-1644-2013</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7724-4240</contrib-id>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Zakharchuk</surname>
              <given-names>E. A.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Захарчук</surname>
              <given-names>Е. А.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <address>
            <country country="RU">Russian Federation</country>
          </address>
          <bio xml:lang="ru"><p>заведующий кафедрой океанологии, Институт наук о Земле, Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, доктор географических наук</p></bio>
          <email>ezakharchuk@yandex.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4821-4342</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">N-7470-2015</contrib-id>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Sukhachev</surname>
              <given-names>V. N.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Сухачев</surname>
              <given-names>В. Н.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <address>
            <country country="RU">Russian Federation</country>
          </address>
          <bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник, Институт наук о Земле, Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет; научный сотрудник, Санкт-Петербургское отделение Государственного океанографического института имени Н. Н. Зубова, кандидат географических наук</p></bio>
          <email>syhachev@mail.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4546-4920</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">I-4647-2015</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9870-7279</contrib-id>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Tikhonova</surname>
              <given-names>N. A.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Тихонова</surname>
              <given-names>Н. А.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <address>
            <country country="RU">Russian Federation</country>
          </address>
          <bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доцент кафедры океанологии, Институт наук о Земле, Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет; и.о. заведующего лабораторией, Санкт-Петербургское отделение Государственного океанографического института имени Н. Н. Зубова, кандидат географических наук</p></bio>
          <email>i@ntikhonova.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>

      <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
        <aff xml:lang="en">
          <institution>Saint-Petersburg State University</institution>
          <addr-line>Saint Petersburg</addr-line>
          <country>Russia</country>
        </aff>
        <aff xml:lang="ru">
          <institution>Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution>
          <addr-line>Санкт-Петербург</addr-line>
          <country>Россия</country>
        </aff>
      </aff-alternatives>
      <aff-alternatives id="aff2">
        <aff xml:lang="en">
          <institution>N. N. Zubov State Oceanographic Institute</institution>
          <addr-line>Moscow</addr-line>
          <country>Russia</country>
        </aff>
        <aff xml:lang="ru">
          <institution>Государственный океанографический институт имени Н. Н. Зубова, Росгидромет</institution>
          <addr-line>Москва</addr-line>
          <country>Россия</country>
        </aff>
      </aff-alternatives>

      <pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-04-30" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>40</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>231</fpage>
      <lpage>254</lpage>

      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-08-07">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2023-10-16">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-01-18">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>

      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Zakharchuk E.A., Sukhachev V.N., Tikhonova N.A.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Захарчук Е.А., Сухачев В.Н., Тихонова Н.А.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zakharchuk E.A., Sukhachev V.N., Tikhonova N.A.</copyright-holder>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Захарчук Е.А., Сухачев В.Н., Тихонова Н.А.</copyright-holder>
        <ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/>
        <license>
          <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://xn--c1agq7a.xn--p1ai/repository/issues/2024/02/05/" xlink:title="Страница статьи">https://xn--c1agq7a.xn--p1ai/repository/issues/2024/02/05/</self-uri>
      
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p><bold>Purpose.</bold> The study is purposed at assessing the features of spatial-temporal variability of the characteristics of annual fluctuations of the Baltic Sea level based on satellite and contact measurements, their comparing with theoretical dispersion relations of the low-frequency waves of different types, as well as at investigating possible mechanisms of the amplitude modulation of annual fluctuations of the Baltic Sea level.</p>
        <p><bold>Methods and Results.</bold> The hypothesis on a wave nature of annual fluctuations of the Baltic Sea level is tested and the reasons for their amplitude modulation are investigated based on the harmonic analysis of satellite altimetry data and the 132-year series of tide gauge sea level measurements in Stockholm. It is shown that the wave-like annual perturbations in the sea level field propagate from the southwest to the northeast at the velocity from 0.06 to 0.36 m/s. Having been compared, the estimated characteristics of annual waves and the theoretical dispersion ratios of the low-frequency waves of different types has shown that they are identified as the internal Kelvin waves over the most of the sea area, and only in rare cases in the southwest of the sea, their characteristics agree with the theoretical dispersion relations of the baroclinic topographic Rossby waves. The perceptible interdecadal changes in the annual wave parameters in the sea level field were noted. As compared to the 1993-2021 period, the decade 1993-2002 is characterized by a decrease of the Sa harmonic amplitude by 1.5-3 times, by later onset of the maximum of the sea level annual variation (about 1 month later), and also by a noticeable slowdown of the annual wave phase velocity in the sea southwest.</p>
        <p><bold>Conclusions.</bold> The reasons for the amplitude modulation of annual waves in the sea level field are related to the impact of the oscillations with periods 352, 374, and 379 days, which are identified in a form of small but significant amplitude maxima in the Fourier series spectra of sea level, wind speed and atmospheric pressure. One more mechanism of the amplitude modulation of annual waves is assumed to be related to the changes in frequency of the natural baroclinic oscillations of the Baltic Sea due to the interannual variations of its stratification.</p>
      </abstract>
      
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p><bold>Цель.</bold> Основная цель статьи – оценить на основе спутниковых и контактных измерений особенности пространственно-временной изменчивости характеристик годовых колебаний уровня Балтийского моря, сравнить их с теоретическими дисперсионными соотношениями различных видов низкочастотных волн и исследовать возможные механизмы амплитудной модуляции годовых колебаний уровня Балтики.</p>
        <p><bold>Методы и результаты.</bold> На основе гармонического анализа спутниковой альтиметрической информации и 132-летнего ряда мареографных измерений уровня моря в Стокгольме проверяется гипотеза о волновой природе годовых колебаний уровня Балтийского моря и исследуются причины их амплитудной модуляции. Показано, что волнообразные годовые возмущения в поле уровня моря распространяются с юго-запада на северо-восток со скоростями 0,06–0,36 м/с. Сравнение оцененных характеристик годовых волн с теоретическими дисперсионными соотношениями различных видов низкочастотных волн показало, что они идентифицируются на большей акватории моря как внутренние волны Кельвина и только на юго-западе моря в редких случаях их характеристики согласуются с теоретическими дисперсионными соотношениями бароклинных топографических волн Россби. Отмечены заметные междекадные изменения параметров годовых волн в поле уровня моря. По сравнению с периодом 1993–2021 гг., в десятилетие 1993–2002 гг. наблюдается понижение в 1,5–3 раза амплитуды гармоники Sa, более поздний максимум годового хода уровня (приблизительно на 1 месяц), а также заметное замедление фазовой скорости годовой волны на юго-западе моря.</p>
        <p><bold>Выводы.</bold> Причины амплитудной модуляции годовых волн в поле уровня моря связываются с влиянием колебаний с периодами 352, 374 и 379 суток, которые выделяются в виде небольших, но значимых амплитудных максимумов в спектрах ряда Фурье уровня моря, скорости ветра и атмосферного давления. Предполагается, что еще один механизм амплитудной модуляции годовых волн может быть связан с изменениями частоты собственных бароклинных колебаний Балтийского моря из-за межгодовых вариаций его стратификации.</p>
      </trans-abstract>

      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>sea level</kwd>
        <kwd>seasonal variations</kwd>
        <kwd>annual rhythm</kwd>
        <kwd>annual fluctuations</kwd>
        <kwd>Baltic Sea</kwd>
        <kwd>Rossby waves</kwd>
        <kwd>amplitude modulation</kwd>
        <kwd>Kelvin waves</kwd>
        <kwd>topographic waves</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <kwd>уровень моря</kwd>
        <kwd>сезонные колебания</kwd>
        <kwd>годовая ритмика</kwd>
        <kwd>годовые колебания</kwd>
        <kwd>Балтийское море</kwd>
        <kwd>волны Россби</kwd>
        <kwd>амплитудная модуляция</kwd>
        <kwd>волны Кельвина</kwd>
        <kwd>топографические волны</kwd>
      </kwd-group>

      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was carried out with support of the Russian Science Foundation grant 22-27-00209 “Spatial structure and mechanisms of interannual variability of seasonal fluctuations in the Baltic Sea level”, https://rscf.ru/project/22-27-00209/.</funding-statement>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена благодаря гранту РНФ 22-27-00209 «Пространственная структура и механизмы межгодовой изменчивости сезонных колебаний уровня Балтийского моря», https://rscf.ru/project/22-27-00209/.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>

  <body>
    <p>Текст статьи не включен.</p>
  </body>

  <back>
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