<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morskoj gidrofizičeskij žurnal</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Morskoj gidrofizičeskij žurnal</journal-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Морской гидрофизический журнал</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="print">0233-7584</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">20240302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="edn">OBMVIY</article-id>
      
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
          <subject>Analysis of observations and methods of calculating Hydrophysical fields in the ocean</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
          <subject>Анализ результатов наблюдений и методы расчета гидрофизических полей океана</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="article-type">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>

      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Errors in Calculating Density Using the CTD probe data in Suboxic Layer of the Black Sea</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Ошибки при расчете плотности по данным CTD-зонда в субкислородном слое Черного моря</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>

      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9141-1945</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">AGP-4038-2022</contrib-id>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Andrulinis</surname>
              <given-names>N. Yu.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Андрулионис</surname>
              <given-names>Н. Ю.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <address>
            <country country="RU">Russian Federation</country>
          </address>
          <bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник, Лаборатория взаимодействия океана с водами суши и антропогенных процессов, Институт океанологии им. П. П. Ширшова РАН (Российская Федерация, 117997, Москва, Нахимовский проспект, д. 36), кандидат географических наук</p></bio>
          <email>natalya@ocean.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6591-9160</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">C-7182-2014</contrib-id>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Podymov</surname>
              <given-names>O. I.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Подымов</surname>
              <given-names>О. И.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <address>
            <country country="RU">Russian Federation</country>
          </address>
          <bio xml:lang="ru"><p>старший научный сотрудник, Лаборатория гидрофизики и моделирования, ЮО Институт океанологии им. П. П. Ширшова РАН (Российская Федерация, 353467, г. Геленджик Краснодарского края, ул. Просторная, 1г), кандидат физико-математических наук</p></bio>
          <email>huravela@yahoo.com</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>

      <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
        <aff xml:lang="en">
          <institution>P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution>
          <addr-line>Moscow</addr-line>
          <country>Russia</country>
        </aff>
        <aff xml:lang="ru">
          <institution>Институт океанологии имени П. П. Ширшова РАН</institution>
          <addr-line>Москва</addr-line>
          <country>Россия</country>
        </aff>
      </aff-alternatives>
      <aff-alternatives id="aff2">
        <aff xml:lang="en">
          <institution>Southern Branch, P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution>
          <addr-line>Gelendzhik</addr-line>
          <country>Russia</country>
        </aff>
        <aff xml:lang="ru">
          <institution>ЮО Институт океанологии им. П. П. Ширшова РАН</institution>
          <addr-line>Геленджик</addr-line>
          <country>Россия</country>
        </aff>
      </aff-alternatives>

      <pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-06-30" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>40</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>371</fpage>
      <lpage>385</lpage>

      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-07-28">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2024-02-12">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-03-15">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>

      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Andrulinis N.Yu., Podymov O.I.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Андрулионис Н.Ю., Подымов О.И.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Andrulinis N.Yu., Podymov O.I.</copyright-holder>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Андрулионис Н.Ю., Подымов О.И.</copyright-holder>
        <ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/>
        <license>
          <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://xn--c1agq7a.xn--p1ai/repository/issues/2024/03/02/" xlink:title="Страница статьи">https://xn--c1agq7a.xn--p1ai/repository/issues/2024/03/02/</self-uri>
      
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p><bold>Purpose.</bold> The purpose of this work is to study the density of water in two ways in the suboxic layer of the Black Sea, to assess errors in calculating density using a standard method based on hydrophysical equipment data, to compare the results obtained with other characteristics of sea waters and to analyze the causes of these errors.</p>
        <p><bold>Methods and Results.</bold> The waters of the Black Sea suboxic layer were studied in May 2021 and October 2022. Water density was measured with a high-precision laboratory density meter and calculated from the CTD probe data using electrical conductivity by the EOS-80 equation of state. The turbidity values were measured by a turbidimeter while sampling. The concentrations of major ions of the major ion-salt composition in the studied samples were determined by a potentiometric titration, and their difference from the standard sea water IAPSO was assessed in the laboratory. The assessing procedure showed that, as compared to the standard sea water, the contents of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> and HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> were higher on average by 0.2 and 0.6%, respectively, both K<sup>+</sup> and Ca<sup>2+</sup> by 0.2%, and the contents of Cl<sup>−</sup> and Na<sup>+</sup> were lower on average by 0.4 and 0.3%, respectively. The content of Mg<sup>2+</sup> was close to its content in standard sea water. It was found that within the range of conditional density (σ<sub>t</sub>) 15.9–16.2 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, the vertical distribution of major ions was not linear, especially in relation to chlorides and sulfates.</p>
        <p><bold>Conclusions.</bold> As a result of determining the density of the waters of the suboxic layer of the Black Sea in two ways and comparing the obtained values, it was found that the errors in calculating the density according to the CTD probe data amount to 0.05–0.2 kg/m<sup>3</sup> and are due to variations in the ion-salt composition and the presence of a large suspension concentrations. The density gradient measured by a density meter is approximately twice as large as that measured by a CTD probe.</p>
      </abstract>
      
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p><bold>Цель.</bold> Целью данной работы является исследование плотности воды субкислородного слоя Черного моря двумя способами, оценка ошибок при расчете плотности стандартным способом по данным гидрофизического оборудования, сопоставление полученных результатов с другими характеристиками вод моря и анализ причин этих ошибок.</p>
        <p><bold>Методы и результаты.</bold> Исследование вод субкислородного слоя Черного моря провели в мае 2021 г. и октябре 2022 г. Плотность воды измеряли прецизионным лабораторным плотномером и рассчитывали по данным CTD-зонда с помощью уравнения состояния EOS-80. При отборе проб измерили значение мутности с помощью турбидиметра. В лаборатории определили концентрации главных ионов основного ионно-солевого состава исследуемых образцов способом потенциометрического титрования и оценили отличие основного ионно-солевого состава образцов от ионно-солевого состава стандартной морской воды IAPSO. Эта оценка показала, что содержание SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> и HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> в среднем было выше на 0,2 и 0,6 % соответственно, K<sup>+</sup> и Ca<sup>2+</sup> – выше на 0,2 %, a Cl<sup>-</sup> и Na<sup>+</sup> – ниже в среднем на 0,4 и 0,3 % соответственно, чем в стандартной морской воде. Содержание Mg<sup>2+</sup> в составе вод было близко к его содержанию в стандартной морской воде. Установили, что вертикальное распределение главных ионов в диапазоне условной плотности (σ<sub>t</sub>) 15,9–16,2 кг/м<sup>3</sup> не линейно, особенно в отношении хлоридов и сульфатов.</p>
        <p><bold>Выводы.</bold> В результате определения плотности вод субкислородного слоя Черного моря двумя способами и сравнения полученных значений, было установлено, что ошибки при расчете плотности по данным CTD-зонда составляют 0,05–0,2 кг/м<sup>3</sup> и обусловлены вариациями ионно-солевого состава и присутствием большой концентрации взвеси. Градиент плотности при измерении ее плотномером приблизительно в два раза больше, чем по данным CTD-зонда.</p>
      </trans-abstract>

      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Black Sea</kwd>
        <kwd>suboxic layer</kwd>
        <kwd>water density</kwd>
        <kwd>water salinity</kwd>
        <kwd>density measurement</kwd>
        <kwd>CTD sounding</kwd>
        <kwd>hydrochemical characteristics of water</kwd>
        <kwd>ionic composition</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <kwd>Черное море</kwd>
        <kwd>субкислородный слой</kwd>
        <kwd>плотность воды</kwd>
        <kwd>соленость воды</kwd>
        <kwd>измерение плотности</kwd>
        <kwd>CTD-зондирование</kwd>
        <kwd>гидрохимические характеристики воды</kwd>
        <kwd>ионный состав</kwd>
      </kwd-group>

      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research was carried out with the support of Ministry of Education and Science of Russian Federation, Agreement No. 07-15-2021-941.</funding-statement>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследования были выполнены при поддержке Минобрнауки РФ Соглашение № 07-15-2021-941.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>

  <body>
    <p>Текст статьи не включен.</p>
  </body>

  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Список литературы</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Culkin</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Smed</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The history of Standard Seawater</article-title>
          <source>Oceanologica Acta</source>
          <year>1979</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>355</fpage>
          <lpage>364</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Pawlowicz</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Key Physical Variables in the Ocean: Temperature, Salinity, and Density</article-title>
          <source>Nature Education Knowledge</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>13</fpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Uchida</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>An Expanded Batch-to-Batch Correction for IAPSO Standard Seawater</article-title>
          <source>Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1507</fpage>
          <lpage>1520</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1175/JTECH-D-19-0184.1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Pawlowicz</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Wright</surname><given-names>D. G.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Millero</surname><given-names>F. J.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The effects of biogeochemical processes on oceanic conductivity/salinity/density relationships and the characterization of real seawater</article-title>
          <source>Ocean Science</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>363</fpage>
          <lpage>387</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/os-7-363-2011</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Brewer</surname><given-names>P. G.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Bradshaw</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The effect of the non-ideal composition of sea water on salinity and density</article-title>
          <source>Journal of Marine Research</source>
          <year>1975</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>157</fpage>
          <lpage>175</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Millero</surname><given-names>F. J.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Chemical Oceanography</source>
          <edition>4th Edition</edition>
          <publisher-loc>Boca Raton</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>CRC Press</publisher-name>
          <year>2013</year>
          <size units="pages">591</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1201/b14753</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Савенко</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Савенко</surname><given-names>В. С.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Покровский</surname><given-names>О. С.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Сорбционно-десорбционная трансформация стока растворенных микроэлементов на геохимическом барьере река-море (по данным лабораторного экспериментального моделирования)</article-title>
          <source>Водные ресурсы</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>207</fpage>
          <lpage>212</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="edn">FYQRVF</pub-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0321059621020152</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Иванов</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Белокопытов</surname><given-names>В. Н.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Океанография Черного моря</source>
          <publisher-loc>Севастополь</publisher-loc>
          <year>2011</year>
          <size units="pages">212</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="edn">XPERZR</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Hiscock</surname><given-names>W. T.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Millero</surname><given-names>F. J.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Alkalinity of the anoxic waters in the Western Black Sea</article-title>
          <source>Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <issue>17-19</issue>
          <fpage>1787</fpage>
          <lpage>1801</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.05.020</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Виноградов</surname><given-names>М. Е.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Налбандов</surname><given-names>Ю. Р.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Влияние изменений плотности воды на распределение физических, химических и биологических характеристик экосистемы пелагиали Черного моря</article-title>
          <source>Океанология</source>
          <year>1990</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>769</fpage>
          <lpage>777</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Зацепин</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>О природе короткопериодных колебаний основного черноморского пикноклина, субмезомасштабных вихрях и реакции морской среды на катастрофический ливень 2012 г.</article-title>
          <source>Известия РАН. Физика атмосферы и океана</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>49</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>717</fpage>
          <lpage>732</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="edn">RFWNHF</pub-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7868/S0002351513060151</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Коновалов</surname><given-names>С. К.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Видничук</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Орехова</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Пространственно-временные характеристики гидрохимической структуры вод глубоководной части Черного моря</article-title>
          <source>Система Черного моря</source>
          <publisher-loc>М.</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Научный мир</publisher-name>
          <year>2018</year>
          <fpage>106</fpage>
          <lpage>119</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29006/978-5-91522-473-4.2018</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Murray</surname><given-names>J. W.</given-names></name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Unexpected changes in the oxic/anoxic interface in the Black Sea</article-title>
          <source>Nature</source>
          <year>1989</year>
          <volume>338</volume>
          <fpage>411</fpage>
          <lpage>413</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/338411a0</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Kirkpatrick</surname><given-names>J. B.</given-names></name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Concurrent activity of anammox and denitrifying bacteria in the Black Sea</article-title>
          <source>Frontiers in Microbiology</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <fpage>256</fpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fmicb.2012.00256</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Дубинин</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Вентиляция анаэробной зоны Черного моря по данным изотопного состава серы сульфата</article-title>
          <source>Доклады Академии наук</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>475</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>428</fpage>
          <lpage>434</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="edn">ZBEWPR</pub-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7868/S086956521720157</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Волков</surname><given-names>И. И.</given-names></name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Верхняя граница сероводорода и природа нефелоидного редокс-слоя в водах кавказского склона Черного моря</article-title>
          <source>Геохимия</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>618</fpage>
          <lpage>629</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Yilmaz</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Surface and mid-water sources of organic carbon by photoautotrophic and chemoautotrophic production in the Black Sea</article-title>
          <source>Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <issue>17-19</issue>
          <fpage>1988</fpage>
          <lpage>2004</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.03.015</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Kremling</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Relation between chlorineity and conductometric salinity in Black Sea water</article-title>
          <source>The Black Sea – geology, chemistry, and biology</source>
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <name><surname>Degens</surname><given-names>E. T.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Ross</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <publisher-loc>Tulsa, USA</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>American Association of Petroleum Geologists</publisher-name>
          <year>1974</year>
          <fpage>151</fpage>
          <lpage>154</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <name><surname>Симонов</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Рябинин</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Гершанович</surname><given-names>Д. Е.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Гидрометеорология и гидрохимия морей СССР. Т. IV : Черное море. Выпуск 2 : гидрохимические условия и океанологические основы формирования биологической продуктивности</source>
          <publisher-loc>СПб.</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Гидрометеоиздат</publisher-name>
          <year>1992</year>
          <size units="pages">219</size>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Pawlowicz</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A model for predicting changes in the electrical conductivity, practical salinity, and absolute salinity of seawater due to variations in relative chemical composition</article-title>
          <source>Ocean Science</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>361</fpage>
          <lpage>378</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/os-6-361-2010</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Андрулионис</surname><given-names>Н. Ю.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Завьялов</surname><given-names>П. О.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Лабораторные исследования основного компонентного состава гипергалинных озер</article-title>
          <source>Морской гидрофизический журнал</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>16</fpage>
          <lpage>36</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="edn">PXDBFT</pub-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22449/0233-7584-2019-1-16-36</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Millero</surname><given-names>F. J.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>History of the Equation of State of Seawater</article-title>
          <source>Oceanography</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>18</fpage>
          <lpage>33</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5670/oceanog.2010.21</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Millero</surname><given-names>F. J.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The density of seawater as a function of salinity (5 to 70 g kg<sup>-1</sup>) and temperature (273.15 to 363.15 K)</article-title>
          <source>Ocean Science</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>91</fpage>
          <lpage>100</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/os-5-91-2009</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Kayukawa</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Uchida</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Absolute density measurements for standard sea-water by hydrostatic weighing of silicon sinker</article-title>
          <source>Measurement: Sensors</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <fpage>100200</fpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.measuren.2021.100200</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Хоружuй</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Овсяный</surname><given-names>Е. И.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Коновалов</surname><given-names>С. К.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Сопоставление результатов определения карбонатной системы и общей щелочности морской воды по данным различных аналитических методов</article-title>
          <source>Морской гидрофизический журнал</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>33</fpage>
          <lpage>47</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="edn">TOESBD</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Kremling</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Determination of the major constituents</article-title>
          <source>Methods of Seawater Analysis</source>
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <name><surname>Grasshoff</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Kremling</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Ehrhardt</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <publisher-loc>Weinheim</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>WILEY-VCH</publisher-name>
          <year>1999</year>
          <fpage>229</fpage>
          <lpage>251</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/9783527613984.ch11</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Millero</surname><given-names>F. J.</given-names></name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The composition of standard seawater and the definition of the reference-composition salinity scale</article-title>
          <source>Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>50</fpage>
          <lpage>72</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.dsr.2007.10.001</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>McDougall</surname><given-names>T. J.</given-names></name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>An algorithm for estimating absolute salinity in the global ocean</article-title>
          <source>Ocean Science</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1123</fpage>
          <lpage>1134</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/os-8-1123-2012</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Sauerheber</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Heinz</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Temperature Effects on Conductivity of Seawater and Physiologic Saline, Mechanism and Significance</article-title>
          <source>Chemical Sciences Journal</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1000109</fpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4172/2150-3494.1000109</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Стунжас</surname><given-names>П. А.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Якушев</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>О тонкой гидрохимической структуре редокс-зоны в Черном море по результатам измерений открытым датчиком кислорода и по батометрическим данным</article-title>
          <source>Океанология</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>46</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>672</fpage>
          <lpage>684</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="edn">HVSXTL</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Андрулионис</surname><given-names>Н. Ю.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Завьялов</surname><given-names>И. Б.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Рождественский</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Основной ионный состав вод Керченского пролива и прилегающих акваторий</article-title>
          <source>Морской гидрофизический журнал</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>87</fpage>
          <lpage>107</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="edn">HEHNBE</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
</article>