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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morskoj gidrofizičeskij žurnal</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Morskoj gidrofizičeskij žurnal</journal-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Морской гидрофизический журнал</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="print">0233-7584</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">20250205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="edn">TGBETI</article-id>
      
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
          <subject>Mathematical modeling of marine systems</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
          <subject>Математическое моделирование морских систем</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="article-type">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>

      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Modeling of the Major Baltic Inflow Using a Joint Model of the North and Baltic Seas</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Моделирование большого балтийского затока с помощью совместной модели Северного и Балтийского морей</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>

      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4546-4920</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">I-4647-2015</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9870-7279</contrib-id>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Tikhonova</surname>
              <given-names>N. A.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Тихонова</surname>
              <given-names>Н. А.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <address>
            <country country="RU">Russian Federation</country>
          </address>
          <bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доцент кафедры океанологии, Институт наук о Земле, Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет (Россия, 199178, Санкт-Петербург, 10 линия В.О., д. 33–35); и. о. зав. лабораторией, Санкт-Петербургское отделение Государственного океанографического института имени Н. Н. Зубова (Россия, 199397, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Беринга, 38), кандидат географических наук</p></bio>
          <email>nata-tik@yandex.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6079-5739</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">N-1644-2013</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7724-4240</contrib-id>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Zakharchuk</surname>
              <given-names>E. A.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Захарчук</surname>
              <given-names>Е. А.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <address>
            <country country="RU">Russian Federation</country>
          </address>
          <bio xml:lang="ru"><p>зав. кафедрой океанологии, Институт наук о Земле, Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет (Россия, 199178, Санкт-Петербург, 10 линия В. О., д. 33–35), доктор географических наук</p></bio>
          <email>eazakharchuk@yandex.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3744-8204</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">LIH-6593-2024</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1518-2861</contrib-id>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Vinogradov</surname>
              <given-names>M. V.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Виноградов</surname>
              <given-names>М. В.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <address>
            <country country="RU">Russian Federation</country>
          </address>
          <bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры океанологии, Институт наук о Земле, Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет (Россия, 199178, Санкт-Петербург, 10 линия В. О., д. 33–35); научный сотрудник, Санкт-Петербургское отделение Государственного океанографического института имени Н. Н. Зубова (Россия, 199397, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Беринга, 38), магистр по специальности «Гидрометеорология»</p></bio>
          <email>Vinogradovm2000@gmail.com</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7254-9313</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">HCH-2630-2022</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4395-1208</contrib-id>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Travkin</surname>
              <given-names>V. S.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Травкин</surname>
              <given-names>В. С.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <address>
            <country country="RU">Russian Federation</country>
          </address>
          <bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры океанологии, Институт наук о Земле, Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет (Россия, 199178, Санкт-Петербург, 10 линия В. О., д. 33–35); научный сотрудник, Санкт-Петербургское отделение Государственного океанографического института имени Н. Н. Зубова (Россия, 199397, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Беринга, 38), магистр по специальности «Гидрометеорология»</p></bio>
          <email>vtravkin99@gmail.com</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>

      <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
        <aff xml:lang="en">
          <institution>Saint Petersburg State University</institution>
          <addr-line>Saint Petersburg</addr-line>
          <country>Russia</country>
        </aff>
        <aff xml:lang="ru">
          <institution>Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution>
          <addr-line>Санкт-Петербург</addr-line>
          <country>Россия</country>
        </aff>
      </aff-alternatives>
      
      <aff-alternatives id="aff2">
        <aff xml:lang="en">
          <institution>N. N. Zubov State Oceanographic Institute, the Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring</institution>
          <addr-line>Moscow</addr-line>
          <country>Russia</country>
        </aff>
        <aff xml:lang="ru">
          <institution>Государственный океанографический институт имени Н. Н. Зубова, Росгидромет</institution>
          <addr-line>Москва</addr-line>
          <country>Россия</country>
        </aff>
      </aff-alternatives>

      <pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-04-30" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>41</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>185</fpage>
      <lpage>212</lpage>

      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-10-07">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2024-11-18">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-01-29">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>

      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Tikhonova N.A., Zakharchuk E.A., Vinogradov M.V., Travkin V.S.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Тихонова Н. А., Захарчук Е. А., Виноградов М. В., Травкин В. С.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tikhonova N.A., Zakharchuk E.A., Vinogradov M.V., Travkin V.S.</copyright-holder>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Тихонова Н. А., Захарчук Е. А., Виноградов М. В., Травкин В. С.</copyright-holder>
        <ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/>
        <license>
          <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://xn--c1agq7a.xn--p1ai/repository/issues/2025/02/05/" xlink:title="Страница статьи">https://xn--c1agq7a.xn--p1ai/repository/issues/2025/02/05/</self-uri>
      
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p><bold>Purpose.</bold> The purpose of the work consists in studying the structure and flow routes of the transformed North Sea waters in the Baltic Sea during the formation and spread of the Major Baltic inflow in December 2014 using numerical modeling.</p>
        <p><bold>Methods and Results</bold>. To achieve the stated aim, a three-dimensional baroclinic hydrodynamic model of the North and Baltic seas with a spherical grid area detailed in the Danish Straits has been developed based on the <italic>INMOM</italic> model. Within the framework of the performed numerical experiment, the oceanological characteristic fields were assessed in the system of two seas for the period January 1, 2014 -- December 31, 2015. A comparison of the model-derived salinity and sea current characteristic values with those measured at the Darss Sill and Arkona stations as well as with the <italic>BSPAF</italic> regional reanalysis data has shown that the <italic>INMOM</italic> model in general reproduces the changes both in salinity and in characteristics of the average currents better than the reanalysis data. The features of vertical variability of salinity and sea currents in the Danish Straits during the Major Baltic inflow formation are described based on the simulation results. The daily average and total volumes of water transported in the Sound, Great Belt and Little Belt straits during the main period of the Major inflow are estimated. The features of distribution of the near-bottom salinity fields during different periods of its formation are described. The Lagrangian modeling made it possible to describe the ways in which the waters of the Major Baltic inflow spread.</p>
        <p><bold>Conclusions</bold>. The estimates of water exchange obtained due to the <italic>INMOM</italic> model indicate that during the main period of the Major Baltic inflow (December 2014), a total of 241.4 km^3^ of Kattegat waters passed through the Danish Straits. The inflow largest part, 170.9 km^3^, spread through the Great Belt Strait, while only 68.9 km^3^ passed through the Sound Strait. The effect of the Small Belt Strait on water transport during the Major Baltic inflow was very insignificant – only 1.6 km^3^. The study of distribution routes of the transformed North Sea waters over the Baltic Sea after the end of the Major Baltic inflow shows that having passed the Danish Straits, its waters spread in a wide stream to the southwestern Baltic, then penetrate to the Gulf of Gdansk, move further along a cyclonic trajectory through the deep-sea areas of the eastern and northern parts of the Gotland Basin without entering the Gulf of Finland, and by the end of December 2015, they reach the Landsort Deep in the western part of the Gotland basin.</p>
      </abstract>
      
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p><bold>Цель.</bold> С помощью численного моделирования исследованы структура и пути движения потоков трансформированных североморских вод в Балтийском море в период формирования и распространения большого балтийского затока, произошедшего в декабре 2014 г.</p>
        <p><bold>Методы и результаты.</bold> Для достижения цели на базе модели <italic>INMOM</italic> разработана трехмерная бароклинная гидродинамическая модель Северного и Балтийского морей, имеющая сферическую сеточную область с детализацией в Датских проливах. Проведен численный эксперимент, в рамках которого рассчитаны поля океанологических характеристик в системе двух морей за период с 1 января 2014 по 31 декабря 2015 г. Сравнение рассчитанных по модели значений солености и характеристик течений с измеренными на станциях Дарсс Силл и Аркона, а также с данными регионального реанализа <italic>BSPAF</italic> показало, что модель <italic>INMOM</italic> в основном лучше воспроизводит изменения солености и характеристики средних течений, чем данные реанализа. По результатам моделирования описаны особенности вертикальной изменчивости солености и течений в Датских проливах во время формирования большого балтийского затока. Оценены среднесуточные и суммарные объемы переносимых вод в проливах Зунд, Большой и Малый Бельты в основной период большого затока. Описаны особенности распределения полей придонной солености в различные периоды его формирования. С помощью лагранжева моделирования описаны пути распространения вод большого балтийского затока.</p>
        <p><bold>Выводы.</bold> Оценки водообмена, полученные с помощью модели <italic>INMOM</italic>, свидетельствуют, что в декабре 2014 г. во время основного периода большого балтийского затока всего через Датские проливы прошло 241,4 км^3^ каттегатских вод. Наибольшая их часть распространялась через пролив Большой Бельт (170,9 км^3^), в то время как через пролив Зунд прошло всего 68,9 км^3^. Влияние пролива Малый Бельт на транспорт вод во время большого затока оказалось очень незначительным (всего 1,6 км^3^). Исследование путей распространения по Балтике трансформированных североморских вод по окончании затока показывает, что во́ды большого балтийского затока после прохождения Датских проливов широким потоком распространяются в Юго-Западную Балтику, затем проникают в Гданьский залив и движутся далее по циклонической траектории через глубоководные районы восточного и северного Готландских бассейнов, не проникая в Финский залив, а к концу декабря 2015 года достигают Ландсортской впадины в западном Готландском бассейне.</p>
      </trans-abstract>

      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>hydrodynamic modeling</kwd>
        <kwd><italic>INMOM</italic></kwd>
        <kwd>Baltic Sea</kwd>
        <kwd>North Sea</kwd>
        <kwd>Danish Straits</kwd>
        <kwd>Major Baltic inflow</kwd>
        <kwd>salinity of the Baltic Sea</kwd>
        <kwd>currents of the Baltic Sea</kwd>
        <kwd>regional reanalysis of hydrophysical fields</kwd>
        <kwd>water exchange</kwd>
        <kwd>water salinity</kwd>
        <kwd>sea level</kwd>
        <kwd>stratification of waters</kwd>
        <kwd>Lagrangian modeling</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <kwd>гидродинамическое моделирование</kwd>
        <kwd><italic>INMOM</italic></kwd>
        <kwd>Балтийское море</kwd>
        <kwd>Северное море</kwd>
        <kwd>Датские проливы</kwd>
        <kwd>большой балтийский заток</kwd>
        <kwd>соленость Балтийского моря</kwd>
        <kwd>течения Балтийского моря</kwd>
        <kwd>региональный реанализ гидрофизических полей</kwd>
        <kwd>водообмен</kwd>
        <kwd>соленость воды</kwd>
        <kwd>уровень моря</kwd>
        <kwd>стратификация вод</kwd>
        <kwd>лагранжево моделирование</kwd>
      </kwd-group>

      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was carried out at financial support of the RSF grant No. 24-27-00412 "Clarifying the mechanisms of generation, and non-stationarity of the Major Baltic inflows" <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://rscf.ru/project/24-27-00412/">https://rscf.ru/project/24-27-00412/</ext-link>.</funding-statement>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена за счет гранта РНФ № 24-27-00412 «Уточнение механизмов генерации и нестационарности больших балтийских затоков» <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://rscf.ru/project/24-27-00412/">https://rscf.ru/project/24-27-00412/</ext-link></funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>

  <body>
    <p>Текст статьи не включен.</p>
  </body>

  <back>
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