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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morskoj gidrofizičeskij žurnal</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Morskoj gidrofizičeskij žurnal</journal-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Морской гидрофизический журнал</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="print">0233-7584</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">20260108</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="edn">FAYZPG</article-id>
      
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
          <subject>Математическое моделирование морских систем</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
          <subject>Mathematical modeling of marine systems</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="article-type">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>

      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Modeling the Phytoplankton Dynamics in the Black Sea Based on Calculations of the Three-Dimensional Numerical Physical-Biochemical Model NEMO-BFM</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Моделирование динамики фитопланктона Черного моря на основе расчетов трехмерной численной физико-биохимической модели NEMO-BFM</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>

      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Lishaev</surname>
              <given-names>P. N.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Лишаев</surname>
              <given-names>П. Н.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <address>
            <country country="RU">Russian Federation</country>
          </address>
          <email>pavellish@mail.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Kubryakova</surname>
              <given-names>E. A.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Кубрякова</surname>
              <given-names>Е. А.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <address>
            <country country="RU">Russian Federation</country>
          </address>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Kubryakov</surname>
              <given-names>A. A.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Кубряков</surname>
              <given-names>А. А.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <address>
            <country country="RU">Russian Federation</country>
          </address>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>

      <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
        <aff xml:lang="en">
          <institution>Marine Hydrophysical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution>
          <addr-line>Sevastopol</addr-line>
          <country>Russia</country>
        </aff>
        <aff xml:lang="ru">
          <institution>Морской гидрофизический институт РАН</institution>
          <addr-line>Севастополь</addr-line>
          <country>Россия</country>
        </aff>
      </aff-alternatives>

      <pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-02-28" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>42</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>115</fpage>
      <lpage>143</lpage>

      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-09-28">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2025-06-06">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-11-10">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>

      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Lishaev P.N., Kubryakova E.A., Kubryakov A.A.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Лишаев П.Н., Кубрякова Е.А., Кубряков А.А.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lishaev P.N., Kubryakova E.A., Kubryakov A.A.</copyright-holder>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лишаев П.Н., Кубрякова Е.А., Кубряков А.А.</copyright-holder>
        <ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/>
        <license>
          <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://xn--c1agq7a.xn--p1ai/repository/issues/2026/01/08/" xlink:title="Страница статьи">https://xn--c1agq7a.xn--p1ai/repository/issues/2026/01/08/</self-uri>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p><bold>Purpose.</bold> The purpose of the work is to study the seasonal, interannual, and spatial variability of key nutrients, chlorophyll a concentration, and phytoplankton species (large and small diatoms, coccolithophores) dominant in the Black Sea based on numerical modeling.</p>
        <p><bold>Methods and Results.</bold> Numerical calculations for the period 2008–2014 were performed using the NEMO-BFM three-dimensional model adapted to the Black Sea basin. The modeling results made it possible to reproduce the autumn and spring “blooms” of small diatoms, as well as to describe the features of spatial variability of phytoplankton in the Black Sea, particularly the dominance of large diatoms on the basin shelf. Having been added to the model, the parameterizations of coccolithophore osmotrophy and dissolved organic matter photodegradation processes permitted to reproduce qualitatively the coccolithophore seasonal variability characteristic of the central Black Sea, namely summer “bloom” in the upper 20-meter layer from late April to July. The model-derived “bloom” begins somewhat earlier than that obtained from in situ observations. The resulting spatial variability in the distribution of coccolithophore concentration at the sea surface qualitatively agrees with the satellite sensing data. Summer “bloom” is most intense in the central Black Sea where the phosphate influx from the nutricline to the upper layer is most active. Then the coccolithophore concentration increases towards the continental slope reaching its highest values there. Moreover, the model has reproduced the winter coccolithophore “bloom” which is weaker as compared to the summer one. The above patterns of coccolithophore variability are consistent with Bio-Argo floats the measurements.</p>
        <p><bold>Conclusions.</bold> The developed NEMO-BFM model is a tool that makes it possible to reproduce the spatial variability of chemical and biological substances in the Black Sea and to study their relations with the impact of various physical processes: wind and convective mixing, large-scale and synoptic water dynamics, and propagation of river plumes.</p>
      </abstract>
      
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p><bold>Цель.</bold> Исследовать сезонную, межгодовую, пространственную изменчивость основных биогенных элементов, концентрации хлорофилла а и доминантных для Черного моря видов фитопланктона (крупные и мелкие диатомовые водоросли, кокколитофориды) на основе численного моделирования – цель настоящей работы.</p>
        <p><bold>Методы и результаты.</bold> Численные расчеты проводились при помощи совместной адаптированной к бассейну Черного моря трехмерной модели NEMO-BFM за период 2008–2014 гг. Результаты моделирования позволили воспроизвести осеннее и весеннее «цветение» мелких диатомовых водорослей, а также описать особенности пространственной изменчивости фитопланктона в Черном море, в частности доминирование крупных диатомовых на шельфе бассейна. Добавленные в модель параметризации процессов осмотрофии кокколитофорид и фотодеградации растворенного органического вещества позволили качественно воспроизвести сезонную изменчивость кокколитофорид, характерную для центральной части Черного моря: развитие «цветения» с конца апреля по июль в верхнем 20-метровом слое. «Цветение» по данным модели начинается немного раньше по сравнению с данными контактных наблюдений. Полученная пространственная изменчивость распределения концентрации кокколитофорид на поверхности моря качественно согласуется с данными спутникового зондирования. Летнее «цветение» наиболее интенсивно в центральной части Черного моря, где поступление фосфатов из нутриклина в верхний слой наиболее активно. Затем кокколитофориды с максимальными значениями концентрации смещаются в район континентального склона. В модели удалось воспроизвести зимнее «цветение» кокколитофорид, более слабое по сравнению с летним. Данные особенности изменчивости кокколитофорид согласуются с результатами измерений буями Био-Арго.</p>
        <p><bold>Выводы.</bold> Разработанная совместная модель NEMO-BFM является инструментом, который дает возможность воспроизводить пространственную изменчивость химических и биологических веществ в Черном море и исследовать их связь с воздействием различных физических процессов – ветрового и конвективного перемешивания, крупномасштабной и синоптической динамики вод, распространения речных плюмов.</p>
      </trans-abstract>

      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Black Sea</kwd>
        <kwd>numerical modeling</kwd>
        <kwd>coccolithophores</kwd>
        <kwd>diatoms</kwd>
        <kwd>zooplankton</kwd>
        <kwd>suboxic zone</kwd>
        <kwd>oxidation-reduction reactions</kwd>
        <kwd>Bio-Argo floats</kwd>
        <kwd>chlorophyll a</kwd>
        <kwd>NEMO</kwd>
        <kwd>BFM</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <kwd>Черное море</kwd>
        <kwd>численное моделирование</kwd>
        <kwd>кокколитофориды</kwd>
        <kwd>диатомовые водоросли</kwd>
        <kwd>зоопланктон</kwd>
        <kwd>субкислородная зона</kwd>
        <kwd>окислительно-восстановительные реакции</kwd>
        <kwd>буи Био-Арго</kwd>
        <kwd>хлорофилл а</kwd>
        <kwd>NEMO</kwd>
        <kwd>BFM</kwd>
      </kwd-group>

      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="en">Setting up a three-dimensional bio-geochemical BFM model for the Black Sea basin, as well as validation of the obtained model results were carried out within the framework of theme of state assignment of FSBSI FRC MHI FNNN-2024-0012 “Analysis, diagnosis and operational forecast of the state of hydrophysical and hydrochemical fields of seawater areas based on mathematical modeling using the data of remote and contact measurement methods”; impact of eddy dynamics on the phytoplankton spatial and temporal variability was studied under the RSF grant No. 23-17-00056.</funding-statement>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Настройка трехмерной биогеохимической модели BFM для Черного моря и валидация полученных модельных результатов выполнены в рамках темы государственного задания ФГБУН ФИЦ МГИ FNNN-2024-0012 «Анализ, диагноз и оперативный прогноз состояния гидрофизических и гидрохимических полей морских акваторий на основе математического моделирования с использованием данных дистанционных и контактных методов измерений», исследование влияния вихревой динамики на пространственную и временную изменчивость фитопланктона выполнено в рамках гранта № 23-17-00056.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>

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  </body>

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