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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Morskoj gidrofizičeskij žurnal</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Morskoj gidrofizičeskij žurnal</journal-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Морской гидрофизический журнал</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="print">0233-7584</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">20260308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="edn">ZHJBM1</article-id>

      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
          <subject>Спутниковая гидрофизика</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
          <subject>Satellite hydrophysics</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="article-type">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>

      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="ru">«Цветение» фитопланктона в поверхностном слое глубоководной части Черного моря: анализ методов и результатов исследования по спутниковым данным</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
          <trans-title>Phytoplankton Blooms in the Surface Layer of the Deep-Open Black Sea: Analysis of Methods and Research Results Based on Satellite Data</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>

      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6307-1322</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8324-7686</contrib-id>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Юнев</surname>
              <given-names>О. А.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Yunev</surname>
              <given-names>O. A.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <address>
            <country country="RU">Russian Federation</country>
          </address>
          <bio xml:lang="ru"><p>старший научный сотрудник отдела динамики океанических процессов, ФГБУН ФИЦ МГИ (299011, Россия, г. Севастополь, ул. Капитанская, д. 2), доктор биологических наук</p></bio>
          <email>yunevoleg@gmail.com</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Суслин</surname>
              <given-names>В. В.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Suslin</surname>
              <given-names>V. V.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <address>
            <country country="RU">Russian Federation</country>
          </address>
          <bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ведущий научный сотрудник, руководитель отдела динамики океанических процессов, ФГБУН ФИЦ МГИ (299011, Россия, г. Севастополь, ул. Капитанская, д. 2)</p></bio>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Белокопытов</surname>
              <given-names>В. Н.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Belokopytov</surname>
              <given-names>V. N.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <address>
            <country country="RU">Russian Federation</country>
          </address>
          <bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ведущий научный сотрудник, заведующий отделом динамики океанических процессов, ФГБУН ФИЦ МГИ (299011, Россия, г. Севастополь, ул. Капитанская, д. 2)</p></bio>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0016-6118</contrib-id>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Carstensen</surname>
              <given-names>J.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Карстенсен</surname>
              <given-names>Я.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <address>
            <country country="DK">Denmark</country>
          </address>
          <bio xml:lang="ru"><p>PhD, Professor, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University (Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Frederiksborgvej, 399)</p></bio>
          <email>jac@ecos.au.dk</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>

      <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
        <aff xml:lang="ru">
          <institution>Морской гидрофизический институт РАН</institution>
          <addr-line>Севастополь</addr-line>
          <country>Россия</country>
        </aff>
        <aff xml:lang="en">
          <institution>Marine Hydrophysical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution>
          <addr-line>Sevastopol</addr-line>
          <country>Russia</country>
        </aff>
      </aff-alternatives>

      <aff-alternatives id="aff2">
        <aff xml:lang="en">
          <institution>Aarhus University</institution>
          <addr-line>Roskilde</addr-line>
          <country>Denmark</country>
        </aff>
        <aff xml:lang="ru">
          <institution>Орхусский университет</institution>
          <addr-line>Роскилле</addr-line>
          <country>Дания</country>
        </aff>
      </aff-alternatives>

      <pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>42</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>467</fpage>
      <lpage>482</lpage>

      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-27">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2025-12-04">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-16">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>

      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Юнев О.А., Суслин В.В., Белокопытов В.Н., Карстенсен Я.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Yunev O.A., Suslin V.V., Belokopytov V.N., Carstensen J.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Юнев О.А., Суслин В.В., Белокопытов В.Н., Карстенсен Я.</copyright-holder>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Yunev O.A., Suslin V.V., Belokopytov V.N., Carstensen J.</copyright-holder>
        <ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/>
        <license>
          <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://xn--c1agq7a.xn--p1ai/repository/issues/2026/03/08/" xlink:title="Страница статьи">https://xn--c1agq7a.xn--p1ai/repository/issues/2026/03/08/</self-uri>

      <abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p><bold>Цель.</bold> Цель работы – анализ исследований «цветения» фитопланктона в глубоководной части Черного моря по спутниковым биооптическим данным, полученным с помощью различных алгоритмов. Спутниковые данные используются по причине отсутствия мониторинговых программ in situ в этом районе для изучения пространственно-временных изменений «цветения» фитопланктона, однако применение различных алгоритмов приводит к противоречивым выводам. Настоящий анализ обобщает имеющиеся результаты.</p>
        <p><bold>Методы и результаты.</bold> В проанализированных публикациях исследования «цветения» фитопланктона эволюционировали от использования концентрации хлорофилла а (Хлв), полученной по спутниковым данным (Хлсп), к использованию биомассы фитопланктона в единицах углерода (С), также вычисляемой по спутниковым данным (Ссп), которая базируется на концентрации Хлсп и сезонных изменениях отношения углерода к хлорофиллу а (С : Хлв), измеренного in situ. Определение концентрации Хлсп в Черном море по стандартным алгоритмам NASA (ОС2, ОС4) приводит к ошибкам до 500 % и требует разработки региональных алгоритмов, учитывающих специфику формирования биооптических параметров в данном бассейне. Итерационный статистический алгоритм выделяет «цветения» как выбросы, превышающие 99-й процентиль базовой сезонной биомассы. Отношение С : Хлв меняется от 46 (февраль) до 195 (сентябрь). Сезонный максимум смещается с декабря – января, характерного для концентрации Хлсп, к сентябрю – ноябрю, характерному для биомассы Ссп, т. е. к фактическим срокам «цветения» фитопланктона в глубоководной части Черного моря. Пороговые критерии «цветения» различаются по месяцам: 90 (август), 120 (сентябрь) и 105 мг С·м–3 (октябрь – ноябрь). В постэвтрофикационный период (с середины 1990-х гг.) биомасса фитопланктона снизилась, зимне-весенние «цветения» исчезли.</p>
        <p><bold>Выводы.</bold> Существенное различие сезонной динамики концентрации Хлсп и биомассы фитопланктона Ссп свидетельствует о том, что концентрация Хлсп для периода работы спутниковых сканеров цвета SeaWiFS и MODIS-Aqua/Terra (для постэвтрофикационного периода) не является приемлемым индикатором биомассы и не может быть использована для исследований закономерностей «цветений» фитопланктона и их механизмов. Одним из решений этой проблемы является пересчет концентрации Хлсп в биомассу Ссп с использованием отношения С : Хлв и применение алгоритма с итерационным выделением «цветений».</p>
      </abstract>

      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p><bold>Purpose.</bold> The purpose of the article is to analyze the studies of phytoplankton blooms in the deep-open Black Sea based on satellite bio-optical data obtained using various algorithms. Satellite data are used due to the lack of in situ monitoring programs for studying the spatiotemporal variations of phytoplankton blooms in this region, and the use of different algorithms results in conflicting conclusions. The presented analysis summarizes the available results.</p>
        <p><bold>Methods and Results.</bold> The examined publications have demonstrated the evolution of research on phytoplankton blooms in the deep-open Black Sea from the application of satellite-derived chlorophyll a concentration (Chlat) to the use of satellite-derived phytoplankton biomass in carbon units (Csat). Csat is obtained from Chlat concentration data and in situ seasonal changes in the carbon-to-chlorophyll a ratio (C : Chla). Determination of Chlat concentration in the Black Sea using standard NASA algorithms (OC2 and OC4) results in errors of up to 500 % and requires the development of regional algorithms, which take into account the specificity of bio-optical parameters in the given basin. The iterative statistical algorithm identifies the blooms as biomass outliers exceeding the 99th percentile of the base seasonal values. The C : Chla ratio varies from 46 (February) to 195 (September). The seasonal maximum shifts from December-January, typical of Chlat concentration, to September-November, typical of Csat biomass, i.e., to the actual timing of phytoplankton bloom in the deep-open Black Sea. Bloom thresholds vary by month: 90 (August), 120 (September), and 105 mg C·m-3 (October-November). During the post-eutrophication period (since the mid-1990s), the phytoplankton biomass decreased, and winter-spring blooms disappeared.</p>
        <p><bold>Conclusions.</bold> The significant difference in the seasonal dynamics of Chlat concentration and Csat biomass indicates that satellite-derived chlorophyll a concentration corresponding to the period of operation of the SeaWiFS and MODIS-Aqua/Terra ocean color satellite scanners (the post-eutrophication period) is not an acceptable indicator of biomass and cannot be used for studying the patterns of phytoplankton bloom and their mechanisms. One of the solutions to this problem consists in recalculating Chlat concentration into Csat biomass using the C : Chla ratio and the algorithm with iterative bloom event extraction.</p>
      </trans-abstract>

      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <kwd>обзор предметного поля</kwd>
        <kwd>концентрация хлорофилла а</kwd>
        <kwd>биомасса фитопланктона</kwd>
        <kwd>сезонные изменения</kwd>
        <kwd>межгодовые изменения</kwd>
        <kwd>долговременные изменения</kwd>
        <kwd>цветение фитопланктона</kwd>
        <kwd>итерационный алгоритм</kwd>
        <kwd>Черное море</kwd>
        <kwd>региональные биооптические алгоритмы</kwd>
        <kwd>спутниковые методы</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>subject field overview</kwd>
        <kwd>chlorophyll a concentration</kwd>
        <kwd>phytoplankton biomass</kwd>
        <kwd>seasonal changes</kwd>
        <kwd>interannual changes</kwd>
        <kwd>long-term changes</kwd>
        <kwd>phytoplankton bloom</kwd>
        <kwd>iterative algorithm</kwd>
        <kwd>Black Sea</kwd>
        <kwd>regional bio-optical algorithms</kwd>
        <kwd>satellite methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>

      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">мы благодарим двух анонимных рецензентов за конструктивные замечания. Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания ФГБУН ФИЦ МГИ по темам: FNNN-2024-0012 «Анализ, диагноз и оперативный прогноз состояния гидрофизических и гидрохимических полей морских акваторий на основе математического моделирования с использованием данных дистанционных и контактных методов измерений» и FNNN-2024-0014 «Фундаментальные исследования процессов взаимодействия в системе океан-атмосфера, формирующих изменчивость физического состояния морской среды на различных пространственно-временных масштабах». Якоб Карстенсен получил финансирование по Европейскому проекту the Horizon Europe project OBAMA-NEXT (Grant no. 101091642).</funding-statement>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The authors are grateful to two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments. The work was carried out within the framework of state assignments of FSBSI FRC MHI FNNN-2024-0012 “Analysis, diagnosis and forecast of the state of hydrophysical and hydrochemical fields of marine water areas based on mathematical modeling using the data from remote and contact measurement methods“ and FNNN-2024-0014 “Fundamental studies of interaction processes in the sea-air system that form the physical state variability of the marine environment at various spatial and temporal scales“. J. Carstensen received funding through the Horizon Europe project OBAMA-NEXT (Grant No. 101091642).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>

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  </body>

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